QUESTIONS 



IN 



ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 



RUGBY QUESTIONS 



IN 



Ancient Geography 



6 




Copyrighted by 
Edward Clarence Smith. 



ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 



GENERAL OUTLINE. 



1. Map of the world. 

2. Asia, general questions. 

3. Asia Orientalis. 

4. Asia Minor. 

a. Troy. 

b. Greek Colonies. 

c. Asia Minor, generally. 

5. Islands of Asia. 

6. Libya. 

7. Egypt. 

8. Other African States. 

9. Europe, general questions, on Sarmatia, Dacia, Pan- 
nonia, Noricum, Khcetia, Moesia, Illyricum. 

10. Thrace. 

11. Macedonia. 

12. Greece, general questions. 

13. Greece in detail. 

a. Epirus. 

b. Thessaly. 

c. Hellas Proper, Plan Athens. 

d. Peloponnesus. 



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14. Islands of Greece. 

15. Italy. Plan of Rome. 

16. Islands of Italy. 

17. Spain, three-fold division. 

18. Islands near Spain. 

19. Gallia, four divisions. 

20. Germania. 

21. Crimea. 

22. Britannia. 



Note.- -These questions are to be studied with two Atlases, 
one Ancient, one Modern. 

ASIA. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

Ancient boundary between Asia and Europe was the River 
Tanais, the modern Don, running into Lake Moeotis, the 
modern Sea of Azov. The modern boundary, further east, is 
the Ural River (ancient, Daix), and the Ural Mountains 
(ancient, Alani montes). 

Locate the following boundaries, and give the modern names : 
Palus Moeotis; Pontus Euxinus; Bosporus Thracius; 
Propontis; Hellespontus ; Mare Aegseum ; Mare In- 
ternum; Sinus Arabicus. 

The divisions of Asia are Asia Minor and Asia Major, 
separated by the upper part of the Euphrates. 

Locate the following waters, and give modern names: Oceanus 
Eous; Magnus Sinus; Sinus Gangeticus; Mare Ery- 
thrseurn ; Sinus Persicus; Sinus Arabicus; Mare Cas- 
pium ; Oxianus Lacus. 

Locate and give modern names of following Mountains : 
Taurus ; Imaus ; Emodus ; Paropamisus ; Caucasus ; 
Alani. 

Describe and give modern names for the following Rivers : 
Rha ; Daix ; Araxes ; Tigris ; Euphrates ; Halys ; 
Ganges; Indus; Obi; Jaxartes; Oxus. 

Note. — L. Oxianus was once connected with the Caspian by the 
Biver Oxus, now dried up. 



6 



ASIA MAJOR, OR ORIENT ALIS. 

Locate Sarmatia ; Colchis, scene of the fable of the Golden 
Fleece and the Argonautic expedition, the modern 
Mingrelia; Albania, on the Caspian; Iberia, modern 
Georgia, central between the Euxine and the Caspian; 
Armenia. Armenia has numerous mountain ranges. 
Several rivers are fed by the snows of these mountains. 
Mention and describe four of them, the Araxes; Tigris; 
Euphrates; Halys. 

Bound Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates; Note 
Edessa, supposed to be the Ur, of the Chaldees ; Bound 
Babylonia. Note the position of the Median wall, 20 
parasangs long, 20 feet broad, 100 feet high, built of 
brick by Semiramis, as a protection against the Medes. 
Note the aqueduct Naarmalcha, extending from the 
Euphrates to Seleucia, on the Tigris. 

Locate the city, Seleucia, founded by Seleucus Nicator, 322 
B. C. It equalled Babylon in splendor. Cunaxa, where 
Cyrus, the younger, was defeated by Artaxerxes, his 
brother, 401 B. C. Babylon, built on both sides of the 
Euphrates, surrounded by a wall 50 cubits thick, 200 
cubits high, and by a wide ditch. It was at its bight of 
splendor about 700 B. C. It was taken by the Persians 
538 B. C, and two centuries later by Alexander. After 
the foundation of Seleucia it was less important. 

Syria in its largest sense embraced Syria, Phcenice, Palses- 
tina. Bound each. 

Locate the mountains in Syria: Amanus; Casius ; Libanus ; 
Anti-libanus, the Lebanon of the Scriptures. 



7 



Three rivers rise in Li barms and Anti-libanus and Hermon. 
Describe each : Orontes, Leoutes, Jordanes. 

What famous city on the Orontes, 20 miles from its mouth? 

Locate : Hieropolis ; Emesa, on the east bank of the Orontes, 
where Aurelian defeated Zenobia, 278 A.D. ; Baalbec, or 
Heliopolis ; Damascus, in the valley of the Chrysorrhous ; 
Palmyra, in an oasis of the Syrian Desert, the city of 
Zenobia, the Queen, captured by Aurelian in 270, A.D. 

Describe : Phoenice, the land of the Palms, a narrow district 
between Mount Libanus and the sea, 12 miles wide, ex- 
tending from the River Eleutherus in the north to Mount 
Carmelos in the south ; traversed from east to west by 
small rivers that rise in Libanus, and make it fertile. 

Locate the towns on the coast: Tripolis ; Berytus, modern 
Beirut; Sidon, mentioned as early as 1444 B. C. ; Tyrus, 
or Tyre, the most celebrated, partly on an island of 40 
acres, partly on the main land. It had two harbors. It 
was besieged by Shalmaneser, B. C, 727 ; Nebuchadnezzar, 
B. C, 595, Alexander, B. C, 333 ; Antigonus, B. C, 315. 

Locate the colonies founded by the Phoenicians in Thasos; 
Boeotia ; Cyprus; Rhodes; Cyclades ; Bithynia; Sicily; 
Melite; Sardinia; Southern Spain; Cassiterides ; and, in 
Africa, Utica ; Leptis ; Hippo; Hadrumentum ; Car- 
thago. 



8 



PALAESTINA. 

Describe the River Jordan ; the Dead Sea, 1312 feet below 
the Mediterranean ; the brook Kedron ; Jerusalem : its 
classical name was Hierosolyma, and, after it was rebuilt 
by Hadrian, A.D. 130, Aelia Capitolina. It was made 
the Capital by King David, 1050 B.C. The temple of 
Solomon was built from 1011 to 1004 B. C. It was des- 
troyed with the city by Nebuchadnezzar, 588 B. C. 
Titus destroyed Jerusalem A. D. 70. 

Locate : Arabia Deserta ; Arabia Felix ; Arabia Petrsea ; 
the River Tigris, with its branches, Zabas, or Zabatus ; 
Caprus ; Silla; Ninus, or Nineveh, destroyed about 606 
B.C.; Arbela, scene of a battle between Alexander and 
Darius, 331 B. C. 

Locate: Media; Ecbatana, a city of Media; Persis ; Pasar- 
gada, the earliest Capital of Persis ; Persepolis. 

Locate the country Susiana; the River Cboaspes, a branch of 
the Tigris ; the city Susa ; the country Ariana ; the Oxus 
Biver, flowing into lake Oxianus. 

The Divisions : Gedrosia ; Drangiana ; Arachosia ; Parthysea ; 
Aria ; Carmania ; Hyrcania ; Margiana ; Bactriana ; 
Sogdiana. 

The rivers: Ochus, flowing into the Caspian; Jaxartes, into 
Lake Oxianus. 

Locate : India ; the rivers Indus ; Ganges ; India intra 
Gangem ; India extra Gangem ; Serica ; Scythia, intra 
Imaum montem ; Scythia, extra Imaum. 



9 



ASIA MINOR. 

Troas, in the northwest of Mysia, on the Hellespontus and 
Aegean. 

Note the Promontory Sigeum, the tomb of Achilles ; Ehoe- 
teum, the tomb of Ajax. 

Describe the rivers Scamander and Simois ; the city Ilium, 
or Troy, 5 h miles from the Hellespont. 

Locate : the island Tenedos ; Mount Ida. 

THE GREEK COLONIES. 

Aeolis extended twelve miles inland, from the north to the 
river Hermus, its southern boundary. 

Locate in Aeolis, Cumse, the most powerful city ; Larissa ; 
Neontichos; Temnus ; Aeggese; Myrina; Gryneum ; 
Smyrna, at the foot of Mount Sipylus, and the probable 
birthplace of Homer. 

Ionia, south of Aeolis, extending to below Miletus, and 
forty miles inland. Ionia settled about 1044 B. C. 

Locate twelve noted cities of Ionia: Phocsea; Clazomenge ; 
Chios ; ErythrsB ; Teos ; Lebedus ; Colophon ; Ephesus ; 
Samos ; Priene ; Nyus ; Miletus. 

Locate the seven cities of the world that contended for the 
honor of being Homer's birthplace: Smyrna; Khodus; 
Colophon ; Salamis ; Chios ; Argos ; Athene. 
2 



10 



Locate : Doris ; also the six cities, Halicarnassus, the birth- 
place of Herodotus ; Cnidus ; Cos ; Lindus ; lalysus ; 
Camirus ; the last three being on the Island Rhodes. 

SUMMARY. 

Three Greek Colonies. 

1. Aeolia, in the north, with the islands Lesbos and Tenedos. 

2. Ionia, in the middle, with the islands Chios and Samos. 

3. Doris, in the South, with the islands Cos and Rhodes. 

Note specially : Lesbos, the birthplace of Sappho and Alcseus, 
in Aeolia ; Smyrna^ the birthplace of Homer, in Ionia ; 
Halicarnassus, the birthplace of Herodotus, in Doris. 

Note that Miletus and Ephesus were both Ionian cities. 

Locate: Smyrna, near the mouth of the Hermus ; Ephesus, 
near the mouth of the Caystrus ; Miletus, near the mouth 
of the Mseander. 

ASIA MINOR. 

Bound Asia Minor. 

Mention : the three States on the Aegean ; the three States on 
the Euxine ; the three States on the Mediterranean ; the 
States in the Interior. 

Bound Mysia; Lydia ; Caria ; Bithynia ; Paphlagonia ; Pon- 
tus; Lycia; Pamphylia; Pisidia; Phrygia ; Galatia; 
Cilicia ; Cappadocia. 



11 

Asia Minor is between what parallels of latitude ? Answer : 
42° and 36°. 

Trace the 40th parallel around the world. 

Trace the course of a vessel from Aera Lepte Promontory in 
the Euxine, to the Island Tenedos. 

What cities would it pass on the left and on the right sever- 
ally, in going through the Bosphorus ? Answer : On the 
left, Chrysopolis and Chalcedon; on the right, Byzantium. 

What island in Propontis ? Answer : Proconnesus. 

What towns or cities in passing through the Hellespont ? On 
the right, Aegos Potamos, Sestos. On the left, Lamp- 
sacus, Abydos, Dardanus, Actium. 

Trace the course of a vessel from Tenedos to Issus, through 
the Aegean Sea, the Icarian Sea, Carpathian Sea, Sea of 
Cilicia, Gulf of Issus. 

Mention the main islands of the Aegean, near the coast, be- 
ginning with the parallel of 40°, and going south. 
Answer: Lemnos; Mitylene (or Lesbos), off Aeolia ; 
Chios, off Ionia; Samos ; Cos; Rhodus. 

Locate the islands Creta ; Cyprus ; Patmos ; Icaria ; Car- 
pathus ; Naxos. 

Trace and name the longest mountain range of Asia Minor. 

What break or pass in this range in Cilicia, through which 
Alexander passed ? What river flows through it ? Ans- 
wer : Sarus River. 



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Locate and describe the rivers Granicus ; Hermus; Mseander ; 
Eurymedon ; Cydnus; Sangarius ; Halys ; Lycus ; Cay- 
strus. 

Locate: Mount Mycale ; the four mountains called Olympus. 
Answer: In Bithynia ; Lycia ; Cyprus; Thessaly. Two 
mountains called Ida. Answer : In Troas and Crete. 

Locate Mount Climax ; Mount Sipylus ; Mount Teches ; 
Mount Argseus ; the two cities called Philadelphia. 
Answer : in Lydia and Cilicia ; two cities called Mag- 
nesia. 

Locate : Troy ; Pergamos ; Sardis ; Smyrna ; Ephesus ; Mile- 
tus ; Halicarnassus ; Rhodes; Teos ; Cnidus; Laodicea ; 
Gordium ; Sinope ; Cotyora ; Perga ; Heraclea ; Dre- 
panum; Tarsus; Issus; Armene. 

Note the three peninsulas extending into the Aegean ; Troas ; 
Ionia ; Doris. 

Locate : Trapezus ; Cerasus ; Patara ; Phaselis ; Colossse ; 
Celsena3; Ancyra ; Mazaca ; Iconium ; Mcopolis; 
Cyzicus ; Chalcedon ; Colophon. 

Locate the river Thermodon, in the country of the Amazons. 



ISLANDS OF ASIA. 

In the Indian Ocean : Taprobane, the modern Ceylon ; 
labadius, the modern Java. In the Black Sea: Cyanese. 
In the Propontis : Proconnesus (Marmora), celebrated for its 
marble. Hence the name, Sea of Marmora. 



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In the Aegean and Mediterranean: Sainothrace; Irnbros; 
Lemnos ; Teoedos ; Mitylene ; Chios ; Samos ; Icaria ; Pat- 
mos ; Cos ; Khodes ; Cyprus. 

Note : in Cyprus the city Salamis ; in Rhodes the city Rhodes. 
In this city, was the Colossus of Rhodes, 70 cubits high, 
the work of Chares, erected 280 B. C. 

Note in Cos, the city Cos ; in Chios, the city Chios. 

Locate Samos, opposite Mount Mycale ; Mitylene, a city of 
Lesbos, a flourishing city now. 



LIBYA. 

The name Libya was applied to all of Africa on the Medi- 
terranean coast, from the Nile to the Atlantic. 

Locate the divisions : Aegyptus ; Aethiopia ; Marmarica ; 
Cyrenaica ; Africa ; Numidia ; Mauritania. 

Bound Aegypt. It comprises the Delta and valley of the 
Nile. The Isthmus of Suez was called Arsince. The average 
width of the valley of the Nile was 7 miles. It coutained fine 
arable land. The broadest part was 11 miles, the narrowest 
2 miles. Its length from the islands of Philse to the Mediter- 
ranean was 526 miles. Its area 11,000 square miles, about 
the size of Vermont. 

Note Alexandria, fouDded by Alexander the Great, 332 B. C. 
It was between Lake Mareotis and the sea. Alexander 



14 

* 

was buried there. Population was 500,000. It had four 
harbors, one shielded by the island Pharos. On this 
island was a tower, Pharos, 400 feet high, built 300 B. C. 
It had a telescopic mirror of metal, by means of which 
vessels were seen at a distance. The old lighthouse is 
still there. 

Locate Memphis ; Thebse, which Homer calls the hundred- 
gated, from its temple gates. It had no walls ; Lake 
Mceris ; the Pyramid of Cheops, 900 B. C. 

Locate the division Marmarica, and note in it the Temple of 
Jupiter Ammon, in the oasis of Ammon, which Alexan- 
der visited. 

Africa, proper, was applied by the Romans, to the country 
about Carthage, opposite Italy. 

Note Syrtis Major and Syrtis Minor ; the city Utica, meaning 
old town ; Carthage, meaning new town. 

Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians, 814 B. C. It 
had 700,000 inhabitants. It was the greatest commercial 
emporium of the world. It was utterly destroyed by Scipio 
the Younger, in 146 B. C. 100 years afterwards it was re- 
built. Finally it was destroyed by the Arabs under Hassan, 
in 647 A. D. Even the ruins are now buried. 

Locate the city Zama; the city Hippo Regius, the residence 
of St. Augustine ; Mauritania, opposite Spain, the modem 
Morocco; the Atlas mountains, 11,000 feet high, from 
which the Atlantic Ocean is named ; Gsetulia, south of 
the Atlas mountains. 



EUROPE. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

Name and locate the different divisions of Europe: Greece, 
Italy; Hispania; Gallia; British Islands (Hibernia, Bri- 
tannia, Caledonia); Gerinania; Vindelicia; Rhoetia ; 
Noricum ; Scandinavia ; Nerigonia ; Pannonia ; Illyri- 
cum ; Dacia, north of the Danube ; Moesia, south of the 
Danube ; Hyperborean regions ; Sarmatia ; Thrace ; 
Macedonia; Epirus; Helvetia. Mention the modern 
names of the above. 

Locate, describe, and give modern names of the following 
rivers: Rha, modern name Volga; Tanais, modern name 
Don ; Borysthenes, modern name Dnieper ; Ister, or 
Danubius; Padus ; Rhodamus ; Iberus ; Tagus; Durius ; 
Tiger; Sequana; Tamesis ; Sabrina ; Rhenus; Albis ; 
Viadrus ; Vistula ; Garumna. 

Locate following mountains : Pyrenees ; Ilipula, modern Sierra 
Nevada ; Marianus, the modern Sierra Morena ; Canta- 
brian ; Alpes ; Apenninus ; Carpates ; Hcemus, the mo- 
dern Balkan ; Sevo, the modern Kiolen ; Hyperborean, 
the modern Ural ; Aetna ; Vesuvius. 

Locate and give modern names for the following waters : 
Caspian Sea ; Euxine ; Palus Moeotis, Bosphorus ; Pro- 
pontis ; Hellespont ; Aegean Sea ; Ionian Sea ; Adriatic 
Sea; Tuscan Sea; Ligustic Gulf; Straits of Gades or 



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Hercules ; Cantabrian Sea ; Gallic Strait ; Oceanus 
Germanicus ; Codavian Sea ; African Sea; Syrtis Major; 
Syrtis Minor ; Cimmerian Bosphorus. 

Locate the following gulfs and straits in the Mare Internum 
(Mediterranean): Mare Balearicum ; Sinus Gallicus; 
Mare Tyrrhenum ; Mare Siculum ; Sinus Tarentinus. 



THRACE. 

Bound Thracia. What mountain in the north '? Biver the 
west boundary ? Mountains on the South ? Name and 
direction of the largest river ? 

Locate the cities : Byzantium ; Sestos ; Aegos Po tamos ; 
Philippopolis ; Adrianopolis ; Heraclea ; Apollonia ; 
Salmydessus ; Abdera. 



MACEDONIA. 

What mountains separate Macedonia from Mcesia? What 
river from Illyricum ? From Epirus ? From Thrace ? 
Bound Macedonia. 

Locate the following towns : Philippi : Keapolis ; Amphi- 
polis ; Apollonia ; Dyrrachium ; Pella ; Thessalonica, or 
Therma ; Stagyra ; Pydna ; PotidaBa ; Olynthus ; Edessa ; 
Bersea ; Methone. 



17 



Locate the rivers : Drilo ; Aous ; Haliacmon ; Axius ; Stry- 
mon. 

Locate the mountains: Hcemus ; Canalovii ; Cissus ; Cam- 
bunii ; Mount Athos. 

Note the Peninsula Chalcidice. It has three prongs like a 
fork. The easternmost peninsula is Acta, the middle 
Sithonia, the westernmost Pallene. 

Note the corresponding four gulfs : Stryinonic ; Singitic ; 
Toronaic ; Thermaic. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS ON GREECE. 

Bound Thessaly ; Epirus ; Hellas; Peloponnesus. 

Locate the Ionian islands; Thracian islands; Thessalian 
islands ; Cyclades ; Sporades ; Eubcea ; Ionian Sea ; 
Myrtoan Sea; Sea of Crete; Gulf of Corinth ; Saronic 
Gulf; Gulf of Ambracia; Pelasgic Gulf; Maliac Gulf ; 
Opuntic Gulf; Euripus ; Gulf of Argolis ; Gulf of La- 
conia ; Gulf of Messenia. 



GREECE IN DETAIL. 

Bound Epirus. Note the Pindus range of mountains, running 
north and south, between Epirus and Thessaly. At right 
angles with these note the Cambunii mountains, between 
Macedonia and Thessaly, Mount Olympus being in this 
range. 

3 



18 



Describe the rivers: Aous ; Acheron, in Mythology a river 
in Hades ; also its branch, Cocytus, the river of wailing. 
Describe the Achelous, the largest river in Greece. 

Locate Dodona, which had oracular oaks, and the oldest 
oracle of Zeus in Greece. 

Bound Thessaly. Espirus and Thessaly were side by side. 

Note the following places of Historic interest in Thessaly : 
Mount Olympus, in the north boundary; the river 
Peneus, fertilizing the whole country, on which were 
Larissa, the birthplace of Achilles, and the Vale of 
Teinpe, celebrated in pastoral poetry. 

Locate Iolcos, the rendezvous of the Argonautic expedition ; 
the mountains, Ossa ; Pel ion ; Othyrs ; Thermopylae, 
in the extreme south, a narrow pass between mountains 
Oeta and the Maliac Gulf; Pharsalia, where Caesar de- 
feated Pompey, 48 B. C. ; Cynoscephalae. 

Hellas Proper, has eight States. Name them going from 
west to east. 

Bound Acarnania. In this note Actium, a cape, and the 
scene of a battle between Anthony and Augustus, which 
decided the fate of the Roman Empire. 

Bound Aetolia. Locate the river Achelous, the largest river 
in Greece. 

Locate Locris, which had two divisions, Locris Opuntii, or 
east Locris, and Locris Ozolae, or west Locris. 

Locate Doris, a small plain between Parnassus and Oeta. 



'1 9 



Bound Phocis, the sacred State of Greece, with Delphi, the 
oracle of Apollo, in the centre. The Greeks considered 
Delphi the centre of the world. In Phocis note Mount Par- 
nassus, 7000 feet high, the highest in Greece, sacred to Apollo 
and the Muses. Parnassus had two cliffs, between which 
flowed the Castalian fountain, the holy water of the Delphian 
Temple, imparting poetic inspiration. 

Bound Boeotia. The atmosphere of this State was damp 
and foggy, and the Athenians called the people stupid. In 
Boeotia were born Pindar, the lyric poet, and Epaminondas, 
who conquered at Leuctra and Mantinea. 

Locate Thebse, the capital ; Chaeronea, where Philip of 
Macedon conquered Greece in 338 B. C. ; Aulis, on the 
east coast, where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter, 
Iphigenia ; Delium, where Socrates fought and saved the 
life of Xenophon ; Leuctra, where Epaminondas gained 
a victory; Platseae, where Pausanias defeated the Per- 
sians. 

Bound Attica, the word being derived from Acte, a peninsula. 
Locate the mountains : Cithseron ; Pentelicus ; Hymettus. 
Locate Marathon, 22 miles from Athens, where Miltiades 
defeated the Persians in 490 B. C. ; Eleusis, noted for the 
mysteries of Demeter and Persephone. 

Locate and describe Athens with its four hills, three port 
towns: Munychia; Phaleron; and Piraeus; the last, five 
miles distant from Athens, and connected with it by two 
walls. 

Locate the Peloponnesus, the modern Morea. It was not as 
large as Massachusetts. 



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Locate the mountains Erymanthus and Taygetus ; the chief 
river Alpheus in Arcadia. 

Locate the eight States : Achaia; Elis ; Arcadia ; Corinthus ; 
Sicyonia ; Argolis; Messenia ; Laconica. 

Note Arcadia, in the centre, surrounded by mountains. In 
this locate Lake Stymphalus, the abode of the Harpies ; 
Mantinea, connected with the victory and death of Epa- 
minondas in 362 B. C. 

Locate Laconia or Lacedsemon. In this locate the river 
Eurotas, and Sparta, the capital. 

Bound Messenia. Locate the river Pamisus, and Mount 
Ithome; also the city Messene, built and fortified by 
Epaminondas in eighty-five days, in 369 B. C. 

Locate Elis. Locate the river Alpheus, the largest in Pelo- 
ponnesus, which flowed partly under ground, and was 
said to mingle its waters with the fountain Arethusa in 
the island of Ortygia, at Syracuse, Sicily. 

Note the river Peneus, and distinguish it from the river 
Peneus in Thessaly. 

Note well Olympia, a small plain where the Olympic games 
were celebrated every four years, near the river Alpheus. In 
it was a sacred grove called Altis, surrounded by a wall. In 
this grove was the temple of Zeus, which contained the mas- 
terpiece of Greek art, a colossal statue of Zeus, in ivory and 
gold, by Phidias. Intervals of four years were called olym- 
piads. The first olympiad began with the victory of Coraebus 
in the foot-race, B. C. 776. 



21 



Locate Achaia. Locate Corinthus, on the isthmus. Study 
the city Corinth, with its citadel, Acrocorinthus, 1900 
feet high. It had two ports. Lecbseum, on the Corin- 
thian Gulf, connected with Corinth by two walls about 
1} miles long, and Cenchrese, on the Saronic Gulf, about 
eight miles from Corinth. 

Locate Sicyonia, a State with less than 100 square miles. 

Bound Argolis. Locate in this Lake Lerna, where Hercules 
killed the Hydra ; the town Cleonse ; Nemea, with its 
Nemean games every two years ; Mycense, the city of 
Agamemnon, recently exhumed ; Argos, the capital and 
oldest city. 



ISLANDS OF GREECE. 

Locate, on the west of Greece, the islands : Leucadia, now 
Santa Maura; Cephallenia; Zacynthus, now Zante ; 
Corcyra, now Corfu; Ithaca, the birthplace of Ulysses. 

Locate the islands, Aegina; Salamis; Eubcea, nowISTegropont; 
Creta. 

Locate the twelve Cyclades, about Delos. Locate the Spo- 
rades. In Eubcea locate the cities Calchis and Eretria. 
In Creta, locate the cities Cnossus and Gortyna, and 
Mount Ida, where Zeus was reared. 

Among the Cyclades locate Delos, the birthplace of Apollo 
and Artemis; among the Sporades, Lemnos, sacred to 
Hephaestus or Vulcan. 



22 



ITALIA. 

Bound Italy. In the time of the Roman Empire the northern 
boundary was the Alps. Before the time of Augustus 
the northern boundary was the Rubicon on the east, and 
the Macra on the west. Area about 93,600 square miles, 
as large as New York and Pennsylvania together. Lo- 
cate the Apennine mountains, the back-bone of the coun- 
try; Soracte; Algid us ; Albanus ; Mons Sacer; Gar- 
ganus ; Vesuvius. 

Locate the Promontories : Garganum ; lapygium ; Leuco- 
petra. The lakes Larius; Benacus; Trasimenus, noted 
for Hannibal's victory; Vadimonis ; Regillus ; the Pon- 
tine marshes ; Avernus. 

Locate the rivers : Athesis; Padus ; Trebia ; Ticinus; Addua; 
Rubicon; Metaurus; Aufidus; Liris ; Vulturus ; Tiberis ; 
Arnus. 

Mention and locate the five parts of northern Italy : Istria; 
Venetia ; Gallia Transpadana ; Gallia Cispadana ; 
Liguria. 

Mention and locate the six parts of central Italy: Etruria ; 
Umbria; Picenum; Sabinium; Latium ; Campania. 

Mention and locate the parts of southern Italy, or Magna 
Grsecia : Apulia; Calabria; Lucania ; Bruttii. 

Mention the State in the heel ; in the toe; the States on the 
Adriatic, beginning with the north ; on the Tuscan Sea, 
beginning with the north. 

Mention the States without any coast line ; the two divisions 
of Gallia Cisalpina. 

Bound each of the States of Italy : In Istria, note Tergeste, 
now Trieste ; Pola. 



23 



In Venetia locate Pataviura ; Aquileia ; Adria, from which 
the word Adriatic. In Gallia Transpadana, locate 
Augusta Taurinorum, now Turin; Ticinum; Mediola- 
num; Cremona; Mantua, the birthplace of Virgil. In 
Gallia Cispadana, note Parma ; Bononia, now Bologna ; 
Ravenna. In Liguria locate Genua, the modem Genoa. 
In Etruria locate Tarquinii; Veii; Volaterrse; Perusia ; 
Ccere. In Picenum locate Ancona. In Sabini locate 
Cures. In Samarium locate Beneventum ; Caudium, 
near the Caudine Forks, where the Romans went under 
the yoke. In Latium, locate Roma, or Rome, the capi- 
tal of Italy. 

Study the map and plan of Rome. Locate Tibur ; Ostia, the 
harbor of Rome; Tusculum, a summer resort; Alba 
Longa ; Antium ; Arpinum, the birthplace of Cicero and 
Marius ; Aquinum ; Fornise, where Cicero was assassin- 
ated. Mention the hills of Rome. 

In Campania locate Liternum ; Cumse, the residence of the 
Sibyl ; Baise, a watering place ; Neapolis, now Naples ; 
Herculaneum ; Pompeii ; Capua, where Hannibal win- 
tered. 

Mention the four States of south Italy, that constituted Magna 
Grsecia. 

In Apulia, locate Cannse, where Hannibal defeated the Ro- 
mans ; Venusia, the birthplace of Horace. In Calabria, 
locate Brundusium, a great naval station ; Tarentum. 
In Lucania locate Metapontum ; Heraclea ; Sybaris. In 
Bruttii, locate Rhegium ; Crotona, the residence of Py- 
thagoras and the Athlete Milo. 

Locate the islands : Sicilia ; Sardinia ; Corsica. Sicilia was 
called Trinacria, which means three-cornered. 



24 



Mention and locate the three promontories on the three 
corners. 

Note in Sicily the fountain Arethusa, near Syracuse. Locate 
Mount Aetna ; the Nebrodes mountains. Locate the city 
Messana ; the rocks Seylla and Charybdis ; the cities 
Gela; Agrigentum ; Panormus ; Drepanum, the scene of 
the funeral games celebrated by Aeneas. 

Study the plan of Syracuse. Bound Hispania or Spain. 

Describe the five rivers : Durius, now Douro ; Tagus ; Auas, 
now Guadiana ; Bsetis. now Guadalquiver ; Iberus, now 
Ebro. 

The Komans called the eastern part Hispania Citerior, and 
the western part Hispania Ulterior. 

In the time of Augustus there was a three-fold division: 1. 
Hispania Tarraconensis ; 2. Lusitania ; 3. Baetica. 

Note specially the cities: Gades ; Tarraco ; Carthago Nova ; 
Saguntum ; Numantia. 

Locate the islands Baleares, Major and Minor. 

Gallia Transalpina had four divisions : 1. Gallia Narbonen- 
sis : 2. Aquitania ; 3. Gallia Lugduneusis ; 4. Gallia 
Belgica. Note Massilia, in Gallia Narbonensis. 

In Germania describe the rivers Ehenus ; Danubius ; Vistula. 

Locate the tribes, Saxones ; Angli ; Teutones. 

The Crimea, in the Black Sea, was called Taurica Chersonesus. 

In Britannia, once called Cassiteiides, or tin islands, locate 
Hadrian's TTall ; Londinium, now London. 

The northern part was called Caledonia ; Ireland was called 
Hibernia. 



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